Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Read online

  Chartered Forensic Psychologist and Member of the British Psychological

  Society Division of Forensic Psychology.

  Carwyn Hughes is a Detective Inspector with the Sussex Police, England. He

  graduated in 1988 with a BA in History from Swansea University before

  joining the Royal Hong Kong Police, where he served as an inspector on

  uniformed operations, the drugs squad and the Criminal Investigation

  Department (CID). In 1997 he joined the Sussex Police and in 2002 became

  the Force Identifi cation Offi cer initiating his interest in issues around identifi ca-

  tion evidence. In 2005 he graduated from Portsmouth University with a mas-

  ter ’ s degree in Police Science and Management, gaining a distinction for his

  dissertation on identifi cation procedures. He currently serves as a Detective

  Inspector in Brighton CID.

  xii

  About the Contributors

  Joyce E. Humphries is Research Associate at the University of Leicester.

  Eyewitness memory is her major research interest, in particular, investigating

  factors that may infl uence eyewitness identifi cation performance across the

  lifespan. Specifi cally, her research focuses on eyewitness identifi cation proce-

  dures and cognitive and social processes that may infl uence developmental

  differences in eyewitness identifi cation performance. While her main interest

  is eyewitness identifi cation, she is currently investigating interviewing proce-

  dures that may improve the performance of older adult witnesses. She has

  presented papers at a number of national and international conferences

  on the subject of developmental differences in eyewitness identifi cation

  accuracy.

  Peter J. van Koppen is a psychologist and is Professor of Law and Psychology

  at the Faculties of Law, Maastricht University and Free University Amsterdam.

  He received a JD in 1984 from Erasmus University, Rotterdam. He is

  president of the European Association for Psychology and Law and

  co - editor of Psychology, Crime, and Law . He has published a large number of

  books and articles in the broad fi eld of psychology and law, and specializes in

  the area of the evaluation of evidence by police offi cers and offi cers of the

  court.

  Margaret Bull Kovera is Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of

  Criminal Justice, City University of New York, USA. She is a Fellow of the

  American Psychological Association, the American Psychology - Law Society

  (APLS) and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and is the

  past - president of APLS. She received the Saleem Shah Award for Early Career

  Achievement in Psychology and Law and the APLS Outstanding Teacher and

  Mentor in Psychology and Law Award. For over a decade she has had continu-

  ous funding from the National Science Foundation for her research on jury

  decision - making and eyewitness identifi cation.

  Damien B. Maguire practised as a barrister at the Victorian Bar for over 30

  years specializing in appearance and advice work in major criminal trials and

  associated proceedings such as matters involving corporate regulation, disci-

  plinary proceedings and subpoena litigation. In early 2005 he was appointed

  to the independent statutory position of Chief Examiner for the State of

  Victoria, a position involving the control of and responsibility for the use of

  coercive powers introduced to assist investigating police in the fi ght against

  organized crime. In exercising his independent powers he is directly involved

  in the examination of witnesses required to attend for coercive questioning.

  Gregory Mitchell holds a PhD in psychology and a JD from the University

  of California, Berkeley. He is the Daniel Caplin Professor of Law and the

  E. James Kelly, Jr. Class of 1965 Research Professor at the University of

  Virginia. His current research focuses on the application of social science to

  About the Contributors

  xiii

  the law, employment discrimination, rational choice models of legal behaviour

  and popular conceptions of justice.

  Stephen Moston is a Senior Lecturer in Forensic Psychology, James Cook

  University, Australia. He is Head of Department and coordinator of the post-

  graduate professional training programs in Forensic Psychology at that univer-

  sity. He was a former member of the Association of Chief Police Offi cers

  Investigative Interviewing Strategic Steering Group. He has conducted several

  major studies on police interviewing styles and suspect behaviour in England

  and Australia for the UK Home Offi ce and the Royal Commission on Criminal

  Justice. His current research interests include evaluating police interviewing

  styles and tactics, public perceptions of police interviewing, and denial strate-

  gies by suspects.

  Rod Munro is the Identifi cation Head of Profession within Devon and

  Cornwall Constabulary having more than nine years ’ service dedicated to this

  area of police business. He was a co - founder and past chair of a national image

  database for video identifi cation procedures, a board member of the National

  Video Identifi cation Strategy and was heavily involved in the development of

  identifi cation procedures nationally. He is a National Policing Improvement

  Agency registered lecturer in identifi cation law and procedure and has addressed

  a number of national and international conferences and seminars.

  James Ost is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology, University of

  Portsmouth. His research focuses on the social nature of remembering. He

  has published papers on a variety of forensic issues, including the way in which

  the social dynamics of therapy sometimes mirror those in police interrogations,

  how false reports (or false memories) of childhood events arise, how multiple

  witnesses can infl uence the testimony of a sole witness, how exposure to media

  reports can lead to false reports of non - witnessed events, and how an inter-

  viewer ’ s behaviour can impact on the quality of children ’ s testimony in forensic

  interviews.

  John Pearse (BSc (Hons), PhD, C. Psychol, AFBPsS, FRSM) is the

  managing director of Forensic Navigation Services Ltd., an independent

  company that combines forensic consultancy and investigation with

  psychological training and empirical research. He has been conducting and

  publishing research in the area of police interviewing and related issues since

  1991. For three decades he served as a detective in London and was engaged

  in the fi ght against organized crime at a senior level. His work in specialist

  roles included armed robbery, criminal intelligence, hostage and kidnap nego-

  tiation, and he concluded his service as a senior offi cer in the terrorist arena

  with a number of high - profi le and innovative terrorist prosecutions. He recently

  undertook a confi dential national review of police interviewing with terrorist

  suspects.

  xiv

  About the Contributors

  Steven D. Penrod joined the John Jay College of Criminal Justice faculty

  as Distinguished Professor of Psychology in 2001. He earned his JD from

  Harvard Law School and his PhD in psychology from Harvard University

  and previously served as
Professor of Psychology at Wisconsin and Nebraska

  and Professor of Law at Minnesota and Nebraska. He has published over 100

  scientifi c articles on eyewitness reliability and jury decision

  - making and

  is a co

  - author of books on juries and on eyewitnesses. His research has

  encompassed factors that reduce eyewitness reliability, procedures that may

  enhance eyewitness performance and the relationship between confi dence

  and accuracy.

  Jacques Py is Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Toulouse,

  France. His work focuses on eyewitness testimony in particular situations

  where eyewitnesses have to recall testimony. He

  has aimed to adapt the

  Cognitive Interview to Napoleonic criminal proceedings, to develop with

  Samuel Demarchi a technique to improve the description of people and to

  assess how French police

  offi cers conduct line

  - ups. He is Chief Editor of

  European Review of Applied Psychology and past president of the French

  Psychological Society (Soci é t é Fran ç aise de Psychologie).

  Valerie F. Reyna is Professor of Human Development and Psychology at

  Cornell University, USA, and a co

  - director of the Center for Behavioral

  Economics and Decision Research. She holds a PhD in experimental psychol-

  ogy from Rockefeller University, and publishes regularly in such journals as

  Psychological Review and

  Psychological Science . Her research encompasses

  human judgement and decision - making, numeracy and quantitative reasoning,

  risk and uncertainty, medical decision

  - making, social judgement, and false

  memory. She is a developer of fuzzy - trace theory, a model of the relation

  between mental representations and decision

  - making that has been widely

  applied in law, medicine and public health. She is President - Elect of the Society

  for Judgment and Decision Making. She has been elected a Fellow of the

  American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is also a Fellow of

  the Division of Experimental Psychology, the Division of Developmental

  Psychology, the Division of Educational Psychology and the Division of Health

  Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and she is a Fellow of

  the American Psychological Society.

  Jannie van der Sleen is a psychologist. She has owned Kinterview, a consult-

  ing agency on investigative interviewing, for seven years. Before that she

  worked at the Police Academy of the Netherlands for 15 years. She trains and

  coaches detectives on investigative interviewing of adult and child witnesses

  and vulnerable suspects. She also works as an expert court witness.

  Geoffrey M. Stephenson is Emeritus Professor of Social Psychology at the

  University of Kent, England, having established the Psychology Department

  About the Contributors

  xv

  there in 1978. He promoted and conducted research and teaching in law

  and psychology, leading to the introduction of Kent ’ s innovative MSc pro-

  gramme in Forensic Psychology. He has served on several ESRC/MRC

  research committees, including Law and Social Sciences. With extensive edito-

  rial and committee experience in the British Psychological Society he is

  also past President of the European Association of Experimental Social

  Psychology. He founded the

  Journal of Community and Applied Social

  Psychology , and remains its Consulting Editor. He is Programme Director of

  the MSc in Addiction Psychology and Counselling at South Bank University,

  London.

  Michel St - Yves is a forensic psychologist with the Behavioural Analysis Service

  of the S û ret é du Qu é bec, where he has served since 2002. As a critical incident

  specialist, he is actively involved in criminal investigations, both developing

  psychological profi les of suspects and preparing interrogations. He teaches at

  the É cole Nationale de Police du Qu é bec and at the University of Montreal.

  His publications and papers focus on sexual assault, crisis negotiation and

  police interrogation. He is the author of Psychologie des entrevues d ’ enqu ê te: de

  la recherche à la recherche de la pratique [The psychology of investigative inter-

  views: from research to practice] ( É ditions Yvon Blais, 2004), and The Psychology

  of Criminal Investigations: The Search for the Truth (Thomson Carswell, 2009).

  Gary L. Wells gained his PhD from Ohio State University in 1977. He is

  Distinguished Professor at Iowa State University and also Director of Social

  Science at the Institute of Forensic Science and Public Policy in Greensboro,

  NC. He has authored over 170 articles and chapters and two books, much of

  which focuses on the reliability of eyewitness identifi cation. He was a founding

  member of the Department of Justice Group which developed the fi rst set of

  national guidelines in the USA for eyewitness evidence. He has worked with

  prosecutors, police and policy - makers across the USA to help reform the way

  police line - ups are conducted.

  A. Daniel Yarmey received his BA (Hons), MA and PhD from the University

  of Western Ontario, Canada in experimental psychology (memory). He is a

  University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychology, University of

  Guelph where he teaches courses in Psychology and the Law, and Sport

  Psychology. He is the author of the Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony and

  Understanding Police and Police Work: Psychosocial Issues . He has been a con-

  sultant and expert witness in Canada and the USA on issues related to eyewit-

  ness and earwitness identifi cation.

  John C. Yuille is Professor Emeritus, University of British Columbia, Canada,

  and a registered psychologist with a private forensic practice. He has conducted

  research with children and adults for over 40 years. His research has included

  the areas of human memory, interviewing, credibility assessment and psy-

  xvi

  About the Contributors

  chopathy. He regularly provides training to law enforcement, lawyers, child

  protection workers and judges on interviewing and credibility assessment. He

  has served as an expert witness in criminal, family and civil courts for over 30

  years. He is the Chief Executive Offi cer of The Forensic Alliance.

  Rachel Zajac is a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Otago, New

  Zealand. She earned her PhD in 2002 from the University of Otago while

  training as a clinical psychologist. Her research interests encompass investiga-

  tive interviewing, eyewitness identifi cation, and external infl uences on memory.

  She lectures in forensic, developmental and clinical psychology. She is

  frequently called on to advise social workers, police, legal practitioners and

  healthcare providers on methods to interview children and adults about events

  in their past. Her research has been used in police and judicial education pro-

  grammes in the UK and Australia, and in the US Supreme Court as scientifi c

  evidence.

  Preface

  Tom Williamson was to be the lead editor of this Handbook. To those who

  knew Tom, his premature death from lung cancer at the age of 59 was dev-

 
; astating. This tragic event occurred before any of the chapters had been

  written. Indeed, when I contacted the contributors, some of them could not

  recall that Tom had even invited them to write a chapter. Nevertheless, they

  produced excellent chapters that you will enjoy reading.

  When conceiving of this Handbook, Tom invited me to assist him (given

  his view of my experience of co - editing books, especially for the international

  publisher Wiley). He also invited Tim Valentine to be the co - editor for the

  four chapters involving gathering information from eyewitnesses. When Tom

  was informed that he had a particularly aggressive form of cancer and that his

  health could deteriorate rapidly, he asked me to be prepared to take over as

  lead editor. Sadly, all too quickly I had to do this. I would like to thank all

  the contributors, and especially those who initially had no idea that they were

  on Tom ’ s list, for their forbearance during the time it has taken to bring this

  Handbook to publication and for their willingness to respond constructively

  to our editorial guidance concerning the production of chapters that can be

  understood by a multidisciplinary (including policing) readership. Tom would

  very much have appreciated their efforts.

  Tom Williamson was born on 11 June 1947 in a rural part of Scotland, the

  son of a dairyman. At the age of 17 he left Scotland for London, where he

  joined the Metropolitan Police Force, one of the largest police organizations

  in the world, as a cadet. After only a few years his abilities were noticed and

  he became a member of the anti - corruption branch set up by the head of the

  London Police.

  xviii

  Preface

  In 1979 he was awarded a police - funded scholarship to study full - time for

  a BA in Psychology and he graduated in 1982.

  He was regularly promoted and in 1989 reached the rank of Commander.

  He was one of the fi rst (and of the few ) to conduct research on the actual

  police interviewing of suspects (which in England since 1986 has to be tape -

  recorded), which resulted in the early 1990s in several groundbreaking, high -

  quality publications in research journals, and in the award in 1990 of a

  doctorate while he was still serving as a police offi cer. At the same time, he

  set up a committee of police and academic researchers whose task it was to