Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Read online

  Handbook of Psychology of

  Investigative Interviewing

  Handbook of Psychology of

  Investigative Interviewing

  Current Developments and

  Future Directions

  Edited by Ray Bull, Tim Valentine and

  Tom Williamson

  A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

  This edition fi rst published 2009

  © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Handbook of psychology of investigative interviewing : current developments and future

  directions / edited by Ray Bull, Tim Valentine and Tom Williamson.

  p. cm.

  Includes

  index.

  ISBN 978-0-470-51267-8 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-51268-5 (pbk.) 1. Interviewing

  in law enforcement–Psychological aspects. 2. Police questioning–Psychological aspects.

  3. Criminal investigation–Psychological aspects. I. Bull, Ray. II. Valentine, Tim, 1959–

  III. Williamson, Tom.

  HV8073.H258

  2009

  363.25′4019–dc22

  2009013396

  A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

  Set in 10.5/13 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong

  Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

  1 2009

  Contents

  About the Editors

  vii

  About the Contributors

  ix

  Preface xvii

  Chapter 1 The Psychology of Suspects’ Decision-Making

  during Interrogation

  1

  Michel St-Yves and Nadine Deslauriers-Varin

  Chapter 2 A Typology of Denial Strategies by Suspects in

  Criminal Investigations

  17

  Stephen Moston and Geoffrey M. Stephenson

  Chapter 3 A Structured Model for Investigative Interviewing

  of Suspects

  35

  Jannie van der Sleen

  Chapter 4 Finding False Confessions

  53

  Peter J. van Koppen

  Chapter 5 The Investigation of Terrorist Offences in the

  United Kingdom: The Context and Climate

  for Interviewing Offi cers

  69

  John Pearse

  Chapter 6 From Criminal Justice to Control Process:

  Interrogation in a Changing Context

  91

  David Dixon

  vi

  Contents

  Chapter 7

  Major Crime (Investigative Powers) Act 2004: The Chief

  Examiner and Coercive Powers

  109

  Damien B. Maguire

  Chapter 8 The Relation between Consistency and Accuracy of

  Eyewitness Testimony: Legal versus

  Cognitive Explanations

  121

  Ronald P. Fisher, Neil Brewer and Gregory Mitchell

  Chapter 9

  The Cognitive Interview: Research and Practice across

  the Lifespan

  137

  Robyn E. Holliday, Charles J. Brainerd, Valerie F. Reyna

  and Joyce E. Humphries

  Chapter 10 Investigative Interviewing in the Courtroom:

  Child Witnesses under Cross-Examination

  161

  Rachel Zajac

  Chapter 11 Recovered Memories

  181

  James Ost

  Chapter 12 Obtaining and Interpreting Eyewitness Identifi cation

  Test Evidence: The Infl uence

  of Police–Witness Interactions

  205

  Neil Brewer and Gary L. Wells

  Chapter 13 Recent Developments in Eyewitness Identifi cation

  Procedures in the United Kingdom

  221

  Tim Valentine, Carwyn Hughes and Rod Munro

  Chapter 14 A Method to Enhance Person Description:

  A Field Study

  241

  Samuel Demarchi and Jacques Py

  Chapter 15 Recent Developments in North American Identifi cation

  Science and Practice

  257

  Steven D. Penrod and Margaret Bull Kovera

  Chapter 16 Truthfulness in Witnesses’ and Suspects’ Reports

  285

  A. Daniel Yarmey

  Chapter 17 Evaluating Truthfulness: Detecting Truths and Lies in

  Forensic Contexts

  301

  Barry S. Cooper, Hugues Hervé and John C. Yuille

  Index 329

  About the Editors

  Ray Bull is Professor of Forensic Psychology at the University of Leicester,

  England. In July 2008 he received an ‘ Award for Life - time Contribution to

  Psychology and Law ’ from the European Association of Psychology and Law.

  In June 2008 he received the

  ‘ Award for Distinguished Contributions to

  Academic Knowledge in Forensic Psychology ’ from the British Psychological

  Society. In 2005 he received a Commendation from the London Metr
opolitan

  Police for ‘ Innovation and Professionalism whilst Assisting a Complex Rape

  Investigation ’ . He was part of a small team commissioned by the Home Offi ce

  in 2000 to write the 2002 government document Achieving Best Evidence

  in Criminal Proceedings: Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witnesses,

  Including Children (ABE). In 2002

  – 3 he led a small team commissioned

  by the government to produce an extensive training pack relating to ABE. In

  1991 he was commissioned by the Home Offi ce (together with a law profes-

  sor) to write the fi rst working draft of the Memorandum of Good Practice on

  Video Recorded Interviews with Child Witnesses for Criminal Proceedings. He

  has advised a large number of police forces in several countries on the inter-

  viewing of witnesses and suspects, and has testifi ed as an expert witness

  in many trials. He has co

  - authored and co

  - edited many books, including

  Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (1999; a second edition is

  now being written) and Witness Identifi cation in Criminal Cases (2008). In

  recognition of the quality and extent of his research publications in 1995 he

  was awarded a higher doctorate (Doctor of Science).

  Tim Valentine is Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of

  London. Previously he was a member of the scientifi c staff at the Medical

  Research Council Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, and has held

  viii

  About the Editors

  academic appointments at the University of Manchester and the University of

  Durham. His PhD was awarded by the University of Nottingham in 1986. He

  has authored more than 70 articles on cognitive models of face processing and

  eyewitness identifi cation, and has provided advice on eyewitness identifi cation

  and facial identifi cation from CCTV to government, the courts and the

  Criminal Cases Review Commission in both England and Scotland. He is a

  member of the editorial board of Applied Cognitive Psychology and is author

  (with T. Brennen and S. Br é dart) of The Cognitive Psychology of Proper Names

  (1996) and editor of Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Face Recognition

  (1995). He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society.

  Tom Williamson – readers please see the preface.

  About the Contributors

  Charles J. Brainerd is Professor of Human Development and Psychology at

  Cornell University, USA. He holds BS, MA and PhD degrees in experimen-

  tal and developmental psychology. He has published over 200 research articles

  and chapters, and more than 20 books. His research covers human memory

  and decision

  - making, statistics and mathematical modelling, psychological

  assessment, learning, intelligence, cognitive development, learning disability

  and child abuse. His current research programme centres on the relation

  between memory and higher reasoning abilities in children and adults, and

  also focuses on false memory phenomena. He is the co - developer of fuzzy -

  trace theory, a model of the relation between memory and higher reasoning,

  which has been widely applied within medicine and law. He is a Fellow of the

  Division of General Psychology, the Division of Experimental Psychology, the

  Division of Developmental Psychology and the Division of Educational

  Psychology of the American Psychological Association, and is a Fellow of the

  American Psychological Society.

  Neil Brewer is Professor of Psychology at Flinders University, Adelaide,

  Australia. He researches eyewitness memory and identifi cation, especially the

  relations between confi dence and both recognition and recall accuracy. Recent

  publications appear in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , Journal

  of Experimental Psychology: Applied , Journal of Personality & Social Psychology ,

  Journal of Applied Psychology , and Law & Human Behavior . He is an elected

  member of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, and an editorial board

  member of fi ve of the major international journals in his fi eld. He regularly

  provides invited addresses for conferences of judges and magistrates through-

  out Australia.

  x

  About the Contributors

  Barry S. Cooper is Director of Research and Development for The Forensic

  Alliance. A former senior psychologist for the Correctional Service of Canada,

  he is currently employed as a psychologist for the Forensic Psychiatric Services

  Commission in British Columbia, working at the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

  and the Surrey Forensic Clinic. His research and clinical forensic interests

  include investigative interviewing, credibility/malingering assessment, forensic

  (e.g., risk) assessment, psychopathy and eyewitness memory in victims and

  offenders of crime. His private practice focuses on areas related to his research

  and clinical forensic expertise.

  Samuel Demarchi is an Associate Professor at the University of Paris. He

  conducts empirical studies on investigative interviews, eyewitness recall and

  identifi cation, and beliefs about eyewitnesses ’ memories and criminal investiga-

  tions. His current research focuses on deception detection and the theoretical

  and applied aspects of memory, including the verbal recoding of visual memo-

  ries (verbal overshadowing effect). In collaboration with Jacques Py, he has

  trained hundreds of French police offi cers to conduct optimal investiga-

  tive interviews, including intensive cognitive interview courses, and effective

  line - ups.

  Nadine Deslauriers

  - Varin is currently working as a Project Manager at

  the Centre for Research on Sexual Violence, School of Criminology, Simon

  Fraser University, BC, Canada. In collaboration with the Behavioral Analysis

  Service of the S û ret é du Qu é bec (Quebec Police Force) and the School of

  Criminology, University of Montreal, she completed a Master ’ s thesis investi-

  gating the factors leading to an offender ’ s confessions during police interroga-

  tion, focusing on the strength of evidence. While still involved in research on

  police investigation, she is also working on her PhD, which explores innova-

  tions of modus operandi and offending patterns of high - risk sex offenders.

  David Dixon is Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales,

  Sydney, Australia. His books include Law in Policing: Legal Regulation and

  Police Practices and

  Interrogating Images: Audio

  - visually Recorded Police

  Questioning of Suspects . His research focuses on how regulation (legal and

  otherwise) affects policing practice and has included studies of comparative

  developments in criminal justice, drug policing and police reform, as well as

  interrogation.

  Ronald P. Fisher is Professor of Psychology at Florida International University,

  Miami, USA, where he is the Director of the Legal Psychology programme.

  He is on the editorial boards of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

  and

  Legal and Criminological Psychology . He is the co

  - developer of the

  Cognitive Interview (CI) procedure for enhancing witness memory, and has

  conducte
d training seminars on the CI with many police and other investiga-

  tive agencies, including the FBI, British Police, NASA, the Israeli Air Force,

  About the Contributors

  xi

  NTSB and NASA. He served on the Planning Committee and the Technical

  Working Group for the US Department of Justice to develop national guide-

  lines on collecting eyewitness evidence. His research interests also examine the

  cognitive principles underlying detecting deception, and the relation between

  consistency of witness recollection and accuracy of testimony.

  Hugues Herv

  é is a registered psychologist in British Columbia, Canada,

  specializing in forensic and medico

  - legal assessments and evaluations. A

  former psychologist for the Correctional Service of Canada and the Forensic

  Psychiatric Services Commission, he is currently a Partner and Director of

  Consulting Services for The Forensic Alliance. Committed to the investigation,

  application and dissemination of sound clinical forensic practice, he is actively

  involved in providing consulting, training and research services to various

  professionals, groups and organizations on such topics as effective interview-

  ing, credibility/malingering assessments, risk assessments, eyewitness memory

  and psychopathology.

  Robyn E. Holliday is Senior Lecturer in the Forensic Section of the School

  of Psychology, University of Leicester, England. She holds BSocSci (Hon.)

  and PhD degrees in experimental and developmental psychology from the

  University of Newcastle, Australia. She has published regularly in

  Child

  Development, Cognitive Development, Memory, Applied Cognitive Psychology,

  Developmental Review and Cognition , and written several book chapters. Her

  current research programme centres on the processes underlying true and false

  memories across the lifespan, particularly of children and the elderly; child

  and elderly eyewitness testimony, including identifi cation abilities, and

  forensic interview protocols such as the Cognitive Interview. She is currently

  writing a book on child forensic psychology. She is a member of the British

  Psychological Society, Association for Psychological Science, American

  Psychological Association, European Association of Psychology and Law,

  American Psychology - Law Society for Research in Memory and Cognition,

  and the Experimental Psychology Society. She is a Chartered Scientist and a