Marooned Read online

  Defoe's notes for his story, still preserved in the Guildhall Library in London, read in part: "Goats plenty. Fish: abundance, split and salt.... The fat of young seals good as olive oil."

  There is also mention of a visit with a Captain Thomas Bowry of the East India Company, a shipping firm. Bowry showed Defoe maps of Juan Fernández.

  Ten years after it was published, Defoe's story appeared in French, and by 1760 in German, Dutch, and Russian. Translations appear today in nearly all the world's languages.

  After the success of the first Crusoe story, Defoe wrote two more: Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe in 1719 and Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe the next year. These books, however, never attracted readers of the original story and have been largely forgotten.

  In his lifetime, Defoe turned out an awesome amount of writing, possibly as many as 566 separate works—novels, long poems, political pamphlets, articles for 27 newspapers and magazines, and between 250 and 300 books. Besides Crusoe, his Moll Flanders (1722) remains in print today.

  Despite his outpouring of words, Defoe never seemed to earn enough money to support his wife and seven children in their big house in Stoke Newington. In April 1731 he was hiding from people he owed money to in a shabby rooming house in Ropemaker's Alley in London. There he died, some twelve years after his famous novel first appeared.

  ***

  In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe created one of the most enduring characters in all fiction.

  Did Selkirk ever read the story? Possibly. In April 1719, when the novel appeared, he was on leave from H.M.S. Enterprise and in London. On daily walks about the city he sometimes visited bookstores. We can only wonder if he picked up the book, paged through it, and recalled once more the island paradise he had known.

  At the end of his famous story, Defoe arranged for Crusoe to return to the island on which he had lived for twenty-eight years. But we know that was only fiction. Alexander Selkirk, the real-life Robinson Crusoe, never found his island home again.

  * * *

  Author's Note

  Writing Selkirk's Story and the Island Today

  I came upon Selkirk's story about twenty years ago. In a used-book store in New York I found a copy of The Fabulous Originals: Lives of Extraordinary People Who Inspired Memorable Characters in Fiction. The book was written by Irving Wallace and published in 1955.

  In the chapter titled "The Real Robinson Crusoe," Wallace wrote about the Scottish seaman marooned on Juan Fernández in 1704, how he survived, and his rescue four years and four months later. The story was fascinating, and I began to look for more books about Alexander Selkirk and his strange adventure.

  Woodes Rogers, John Howell, and Richard Steele, all mentioned in Wallace's account, became the primary sources of information about him. Rogers and Steele knew Selkirk personally; Howell, a century after Selkirk's death, recorded family stories about his boyhood and later years.

  Rogers's A Cruising Voyage Round the World, published in London in 1712, was reprinted in 1970 and can be found in bookstores today.

  An unexpected discovery—luck, really—led me to Howell's The Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk, published in Scotland in 1829. My town library was skeptical about finding a book so old but nevertheless agreed to search for it.

  Amazingly, it was found within a week. The University of Minnesota's Wilson Library in Minneapolis, about thirty-five miles from my home, had an original copy.

  The librarian in the hushed rare books room carried the worn volume in two hands and set it gently on the table before me. There I read about the Selcraigs—for some unknown reason, Selkirk changed his last name before boarding the Cinque Ports—who lived in a seacoast village in Scotland some 300 years ago. I was surprised to read that family life for the Selcraigs was not all that different from family life today.

  Although I couldn't locate the December 1–3, 1713, issue of The Englishman—the paper was published for only three years—I found excerpts from Steele's talks with Selkirk in Wallace's book and in other sources listed in the Selected Bibliography. The British Library—the national library of Great Britain—would be a likely place to start a search for the original 1713 issue.

  The primary sources mentioned above—Rogers, Howell, and Steele—told Selkirk's story. Rogers wrote about the marooned mariner's days on Juan Fernández, his role in the capture of the Manila galleon, and his celebrity in London. Howell told of his return home to Largo, his inability to fit into village life, and his decision to leave parents and family for the last time. Steele interviewed the former castaway about his island home and his yearning to return there.

  Irving Wallace in The Fabulous Originals provided an overview of Selkirk's life and showed how his marooning on Juan Fernández provided Daniel Defoe with the basis for his famous novel, Robinson Crusoe.

  The last book I read was especially helpful. A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: Explorer, Naturalist, and Buccaneer: The Life of William Dampier by Diana and Michael Preston, published in 2004, tells how seventeenth- and eighteenth-century mariners sailed the unexplored South Pacific Ocean, and provides a colorful background to Selkirk's adventures.

  To become acquainted with Selkirk and his life and times, I read twenty-three books, some all the way through, others only in part.

  Most of the books came from or through my local public library. Those not in the library's collection were borrowed from other libraries.

  Librarians are always most helpful in research of this kind. Their suggestions often led to sources of information I would otherwise have never known about.

  Juan Fernández has changed much since Selkirk's day.

  About 1966 the government of Chile changed the name from Juan Fernández to Robinson Crusoe Island. It was hoped the name change would attract more tourists to the island. A second island a hundred miles to the west was renamed Alejendro [Alexander] Selkirk Island, although Selkirk never visited it.

  Five hundred people today live on Robinson Crusoe, but Alejendro Selkirk is uninhabited, except for fishermen who spend summer months there harvesting lobsters. The lobsters on both islands are smaller today than the three-footers Selkirk caught.

  San Juan Bautista on Cumberland Bay (the Great Bay of Selkirk's day) is a village of modest homes with yards lush with roses, sunflowers, and geraniums. Visitors find a post office, three small hotels, shops selling Crusoe and Selkirk souvenirs, but no hospital, pharmacy, or bank—or taxes. Most men on the island leave early each morning to tend lobster traps in the bay.

  TV arrived on Robinson Crusoe in 1986 and telephones in 1993. A monthly supply boat from Valparaiso, Chile—360 miles due east on "the continent," as South America is called—brings fresh vegetables, building supplies, and gas for fishing boats and for the few cars on the island.

  In summer the boat also delivers supplies to Alejendro Selkirk Island and picks up live lobsters for restaurants on the mainland.

  About 120 students are enrolled in Robinson Crusoe's only school, kindergarten through eighth grade. Ninth-grade students attend school in Valparaiso. A Chilean naval ship transports the boys and girls in March and returns them to the island at Christmas.

  Most of the island today is a Chilean national park. Sixty percent of its plants—among them 20 species of ferns and 131 kinds of moss—are found nowhere else in the world. Rare birds include the brick-red firecrown hummingbird.

  Sheep, cows, and goats graze hillsides now cleared of the forests where Selkirk once roamed. El Yunque—"the anvil"—rises above the village. At 3,002 feet, the summit is often hidden by clouds.

  To visit the island requires a three-hour flight from Santiago, Chile. The plane lands on a red-dirt airstrip—the only flat stretch on the mountainous island. Visitors then travel for six miles by boat to San Juan Bautista.

  Wooden signs along paths direct visitors to Selkirk's cave and to Selkirk's Lookout, the high ridge where the marooned mariner watched for ships, and to the tablet left by H.M.S. Topaze in 1863. Seals still bask
on rocky beaches below steep cliffs fronting the bay.

  * * *

  Glossary

  barnacle A shellfish that attaches itself to objects underwater, such as rocks, whales, or a ship's bottom.

  bilge The curved inside bottom of a ship's hull. (See hull.)

  boarding ax A handle with a blade similar to that of today's ax, used as a weapon when boarding a merchant vessel and also to cut lines supporting sails to disable the ship.

  bow The front end of a boat or ship.

  capstan A thick rotating drum for winding up a rope or chain attached to an anchor.

  careen To heel or tip a boat or ship on its side to clean or repair the outer hull.

  cutlass A short, heavy sword with a slightly curved blade and a single cutting edge.

  Drake, Sir Francis English admiral, navigator, and pirate who sailed around the world, 1577–80.

  farthing A coin in use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, worth about one-quarter of a penny.

  flintlock A firearm—usually a musket—that has a piece of flint striking against steel to produce sparks. The sparks ignite gunpowder in the musket's barrel, which drives a bullet through the barrel. (See musket.)

  galleon A large Spanish sailing vessel of the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, used as a fighting ship or a merchant ship.

  grappling hook Three or more curved pieces of metal, shaped like fishhooks, attached to a line thrown from an attacking ship to grasp the railing of a merchant ship to draw that ship close to the attacker.

  hull The basic outer frame of a ship that supports decks, masts, and sails.

  longboat A service boat; the longest boat carried on the deck of a sailing ship, powered by two or more oarsmen when lowered into the water.

  mariner A sailor, a seaman.

  maroon To put ashore and abandon a person on a deserted island by way of punishment.

  mast A long upright pole—originally the trunk of a tree shorn of branches—that supports a ship's sails, yardarms, rigging, etc. Most sailing ships in Selkirk's day had two masts.

  mate The ranking first, second, or third officer on a ship, under the captain.

  merchantman A trading ship; a ship carrying cargo. Also called a merchant ship.

  musket A heavy gun with a long barrel introduced in the sixteenth century; the forerunner of the modern rifle. (See flintlock.)

  oakum Loose strands obtained by untwisting and picking apart old ropes, used to pack between planks of wooden ships.

  Peru Current A cold Pacific Ocean current flowing north along the coasts of Chile and Peru. Also called the Humboldt Current.

  pirate An outlaw in an armed ship unlawfully attacking merchant ships of all countries and ransacking coastal towns. Also called a buccaneer.

  pitch A dark, tarry substance used to waterproof seams between planks on wooden ships.

  pound English unit of currency.

  powder barrel A container filled with gunpowder. It was fastened to the side rigging of a pirate ship or privateer, the fuse lighted, and the barrel released to explode on the deck of an adjoining ship.

  privateer A merchant ship, privately owned, fitted with guns, and commissioned by a government to attack enemy merchantmen in wartime. (During the Revolutionary War 1,600 American privateers captured 1,000 British merchantmen.)

  sailing master The second or third officer after the captain; often the navigator who steers the ship between ports.

  scurvy A disease caused by lack of vitamin C in the diet. Victims suffer bleeding gums, loose teeth, weakness of limbs, and internal bleeding. Often fatal when untreated.

  spyglass A small telescope.

  stern The rear end of a boat or ship.

  teredo worm A worm equipped with two small-toothed shells on its head. It burrows into oak timbers on a ship's hull, threatening a ship's safety. Also called shipworm.

  tiller A horizonal bar or lever attached to the rudder of a small boat for steering the boat.

  War of the Spanish Succession A war, 1701–1714, in which England, Austria, and the Netherlands fought Spain, France, and Prussia in a dispute over who should become king after Spain's Charles II died.

  yard, yardarm A long wooden pole attached crosswise from a mast to support a sail.

  * * *

  Selected Bibliography

  Backscheider, Paula R. Daniel Defoe: His Life. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

  Botting, Douglas, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Pirates. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1978.

  National Geographic Society. Islands Lost in Time. Washington, D.C.: The National Geographic Society, 1997.

  Defoe, Daniel. The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books, 1965.

  Howell, John. The Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk. Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver & Boyd, 1829.

  MacLiesh, Fleming, and Martin L. Krieger. The Privateers: A Raiding Voyage on the Great South Sea. New York: Random House, 1962.

  Preston, Diana, and Michael Preston. A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: Explorer, Naturalist, and Buccaneer: The Life of William Dampier. New York: Walker & Company, 2004.

  Quennell, Peter. "The Man Who Was Robinson Crusoe." In Conde Nast Traveler, May 1990.

  Rogers, Woodes. A Cruising Voyage Round the World. New York: Dover Publications, 1970.

  Schurz, William. The Manila Galleon. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1939.

  Simmons, James. "Alexander Selkirk: The Monarch of Juan Fernández Island." In Oceans, March 1982.

  Souhami, Diana. Selkirk's Island: The True and Strange Adventures of the Real Robinson Crusoe. New York: Harcourt, 2001.

  Wallace, Irving. The Fabulous Originals: Lives of Extraordinary People Who Inspired Memorable Characters in Fiction. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955.

  * * *

  Index

  Batavia (Jakarta), [>]–[>]

  Batchelor, [>], [>], [>]

  cabbage palms, [>]–[>]

  Cape of Good Hope, [>]–[>]

  careening, [>]–[>]

  cats, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Cinque Ports, [>]–[>], [>]

  A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Rogers), [>], [>]

  Defoe, Daniel, [>]–[>]

  Drake, Sir Francis, [>]

  Duchess, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Duke, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]

  Ecuador, [>]–[>]

  England, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  The Englishman, [>]–[>], [>]

  Enterprise, H.M.S., [>]

  flip, [>], [>]

  goats, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Guam, [>]–[>]

  Guayaquil (Ecuador), [>]–[>]

  Havre de Grâce, [>]–[>]

  Howell, John, [>], [>]

  Incarnation, [>]–[>]

  Increase, [>], [>]

  Joseph, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Juan Fernández Island, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  birds, [>]

  cats, [>]–[>], [>]

  goats, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]

  lobsters, [>]

  lookout, [>], [>]–[>]

  plants, [>]–[>]

  rats, [>], [>]

  sea lions, [>]–[>]

  seals, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  sea turtles, [>]–[>], [>]

  Largo (Scotland), [>]–[>]

  lobsters, [>], [>]

  London (England), [>]–[>], [>]

  Manila galleons, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  marooning, [>]

  Marquiss, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  rats, [>], [>], [>]

  Robinson Crusoe (books), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Robinson Crusoe Island, [>]–[>]

  Rogers, Woodes, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  capture of the Ascensión, [>], [>]

  A Cruising Voyage Round the World, [>], [>]

  on Juan Fernández Island, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and the Manila galleon, [>]–[
>], [>]–[>], [>]

  and South Sea Company expedition, [>]–[>]

  voyage to London, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  scurvy, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  sea lions, [>]–[>]

  seals, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  sea turtles, [>]–[>], [>]

  Selkirk, Alexander:

  bronze tablet in memory of, [>]–[>]

  with Rogers's squadron, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  as celebrity, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  on the Cinque Ports, [>]–[>]

  death, [>]–[>]

  desire to return to Juan Fernández Island, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  family, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  in Largo (Scotland), [>]–[>]

  in London, [>]–[>], [>]

  rescue by the Duke and Duchess, [>]–[>]

  in the Royal Navy, [>]–[>]

  sea chest, [>]–[>], [>]

  Selkirk, Alexander, on Juan Fernández Island:

  clothing, [>]

  daily routine, [>]

  fall from ledge, [>]–[>]

  fires, building, [>], [>], [>]

  fishing, [>]

  loneliness, [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  shelters, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  tools, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Selkirk, Andrew (brother), [>], [>]

  Selkirk, David (brother), [>]

  Selkirk, Euphan (mother), [>], [>], [>]

  Selkirk, John (brother), [>], [>], [>]

  Selkirk, John (father), [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Selkirk, Margaret (sister-in-law), [>], [>]