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  52 “Industries and industrial operations”: World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 213.

  52 “Within a decade”: Stephan Schmidheiney, “Eco-Efficiency and Sustainable Development,” Risk Management 43:7 (1996), 51.

  53 more than $750 million: 3M, “Pollution Prevention Pays,” http://www.3m.com/about3m/environment/policies_about3P.jhtml.

  53 almost 70 percent: Gary Lee, “The Three R’s of Manufacturing: Recycle, Reuse, Reduce Waste,” Washington Post, February 5, 1996, A3.

  54 a groundbreaking report: Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future (New York: Penguin Group, 1997), xvi.

  54 new research on particulates: Mary Beth Regan, “The Dustup Over Dust,” Business Week, December 2, 1996, 119.

  59 two fundamental syndromes: Jane Jacobs, Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).

  65 no independent value: For an interesting discussion of the “value” of efficiency, see James Hillman, Kinds of Power: A Guide to Its Intelligent Uses (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 33–44.

  Chapter Three. Eco-Effectiveness

  76 a manager’s job: Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive (New York: Harper Business, 1986).

  79 some species of ant: Erich Hoyt, The Earth Dwellers: Adventures in the Land of Ants (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 27, 19.

  80 nature’s services: Gretchen C. Daily, introduction to Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, edited by Gretchen C. Daily (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997), 4.

  84“Nature being known”: Quoted in Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 148.

  Chapter Four. Waste Equals Food

  94 Rome’s imperialism: Sir Albert Howard notes that the “main causes” of Rome’s decline “appear to have been fourfold: the constant drain on the manhood of the country side by the legions, which culminated in the two long wars with Carthage; the operations of the Roman capitalist landlords; failure to work out a balanced agriculture between crops and live stock and to maintain the fertility of the soil; the employment of Slaves instead of free labourers.” Albert Howard, An Agricultural Testament (London: Oxford University Press, 1940), 8.

  94 “The central story”: William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1991), xv, 19.

  95 For centuries in Egypt: For more details on the Egyptians’ sustainable usage of the Nile, see Donald Worster, “Thinking Like a River,” in Meeting the Expectations of the Land, edited by Wes Jackson, Wendell Berry, and Bruce Colman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1984), 58–59.

  96 the Chinese perfected a system: Also see F. H. King, Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or, Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan (London: Jonathan Cape, 1925).

  100 Great Stink of London: Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 355.

  105 Most packaging: Kyra Butzel, “Packaging’s Bad ‘Wrap,’” Ecological Critique and Objectives in Design 3:3 (1994), 101.

  112 rent-a-solvent: Michael first proposed this concept in 1986. It is important to note, however, that it is not yet optimized; none of the companies that have adopted the concept so far have yet completely rematerialized the solvent as a technical nutrient.

  Chapter Five. Respect Diversity

  120 Think again of the ants: Erich Hoyt, The Earth Dwellers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 211–13.

  121 ten species of ant wren: John Terborgh, Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest (New York: Scientific American Library, 1992), 70–71.

  121 A tapestry is the metaphor: William K. Stevens, “Lost Rivets and Threads, and Ecosystems Pulled Apart,” The New York Times, July 4, 2000.

  147 “Every man working”: Adam Smith, “Restraints on Particular Imports,” in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1937), 423.

  148 “Masses of laborers”: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848; rpt. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964), 70.

  148 “ecocide”: See Murray Feshbach and Alfred Friendly, Jr., Ecocide in the U.S.S.R.: Health and Nature Under Siege (New York: Basic Books, 1992).

  151 a fractal tile: Our fractal diagram is modeled on the Sierpinski gasket, named for the Polish mathematician who discovered it in 1919.

  153 “triple bottom line”: For more on this concept, see the work of John Elkington at www.sustainability.com.

  Chapter Six. Putting Eco-Effectiveness into Practice

  157 a “disassembly line”: Charles Sorenson, My Forty Years with Ford (New York: W. W. Norton, 1956), pp. 174–75.

  185 “All biological structures”: Stephen Jay Gould, “Creating the Creators,” Discover, October 1996, pp. 43–54.

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  First published in the United States of America in 2002 by North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux

  First published in Great Britain in 2008 Jonathan Cape

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