Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet Read online

  © 2012 Julian Assange

  Published by OR Books, New York and London

  Visit our website at www.orbooks.com

  First printing 2012

  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except brief passages for review purposes.

  Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress.

  A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

  ISBN 978-1-939293-00-8 paperback

  ISBN 978-1-939293-01-5 e-book

  This book is set in the typeface Minion.

  Typeset by Lapiz Digital, Chennai, India.

  Printed by BookMobile in the United States and CPI Books Ltd in the United Kingdom. The U.S. printed edition of this book comes on Forest Stewardship Council-certified, 30% recycled paper. The printer, BookMobile, is 100% wind-powered.

  Released on the Internet by the CypherTeam

  WHAT IS A CYPHERPUNK?

  Cypherpunks advocate for the use of cryptography and similar methods as ways to achieve societal and political change.1 Founded in the early 1990s, the movement has been most active during the 1990s “cryptowars” and following the 2011 internet spring. The term cypherpunk, derived from (cryptographic) cipher and punk, was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006.2

  CONTENTS

  INTRODUCTION: A CALL TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ARMS

  DISCUSSION PARTICIPANTS

  NOTE ON THE VARIOUS ATTEMPTS TO PERSECUTE WIKILEAKS AND PEOPLE ASOCIATED WITH IT

  INCREASED COMMUNICATION VERSUS INCREASED SURVEILLANCE

  THE MILITARIZATION OF CYBERSPACE

  FIGHTING TOTAL SURVEILLANCE WITH THE LAWS OF MAN

  PRIVATE SECTOR SPYING

  FIGHTING TOTAL SURVEILLANCE WITH THE LAWS OF PHYSICS

  THE INTERNET AND POLITICS

  THE INTERNET AND ECONOMICS

  CENSORSHIP

  PRIVACY FOR THE WEAK, TRANSPARENCY FOR THE POWERFUL

  RATS IN THE OPERA HOUSE

  ENDNOTES

  INTRODUCTION: A CALL TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ARMS

  This book is not a manifesto. There is not time for that. This book is a warning.

  The world is not sliding, but galloping into a new transnational dystopia. This development has not been properly recognized outside of national security circles. It has been hidden by secrecy, complexity and scale. The internet, our greatest tool of emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen. The internet is a threat to human civilization.

  These transformations have come about silently, because those who know what is going on work in the global surveillance industry and have no incentives to speak out. Left to its own trajectory, within a few years, global civilization will be a postmodern surveillance dystopia, from which escape for all but the most skilled individuals will be impossible. In fact, we may already be there.

  While many writers have considered what the internet means for global civilization, they are wrong. They are wrong because they do not have the sense of perspective that direct experience brings. They are wrong because they have never met the enemy.

  No description of the world survives first contact with the enemy.

  We have met the enemy.

  Over the last six years WikiLeaks has had conflicts with nearly every powerful state. We know the new surveillance state from an insider’s perspective, because we have plumbed its secrets. We know it from a combatant’s perspective, because we have had to protect our people, our finances and our sources from it. We know it from a global perspective, because we have people, assets and information in nearly every country. We know it from the perspective of time, because we have been fighting this phenomenon for years and have seen it double and spread, again and again. It is an invasive parasite, growing fat off societies that merge with the internet. It is rolling over the planet, infecting all states and peoples before it.

  What is to be done?

  Once upon a time in a place that was neither here nor there, we, the constructors and citizens of the young internet discussed the future of our new world.

  We saw that the relationships between all people would be mediated by our new world, and that the nature of states, which are defined by how people exchange information, economic value, and force, would also change.

  We saw that the merger between existing state structures and the internet created an opening to change the nature of states.

  First, recall that states are systems through which coercive force flows. Factions within a state may compete for support, leading to democratic surface phenomena, but the underpinnings of states are the systematic application, and avoidance, of violence. Land ownership, property, rents, dividends, taxation, court fines, censorship, copyrights and trademarks are all enforced by the threatened application of state violence.

  Most of the time we are not even aware of how close to violence we are, because we all grant concessions to avoid it. Like sailors smelling the breeze, we rarely contemplate how our surface world is propped up from below by darkness.

  In the new space of the internet what would be the mediator of coercive force?

  Does it even make sense to ask this question? In this otherworldly space, this seemingly platonic realm of ideas and information flow, could there be a notion of coercive force? A force that could modify historical records, tap phones, separate people, transform complexity into rubble, and erect walls, like an occupying army?

  The platonic nature of the internet, ideas and information flows, is debased by its physical origins. Its foundations are fiber optic cable lines stretching across the ocean floors, satellites spinning above our heads, computer servers housed in buildings in cities from New York to Nairobi. Like the soldier who slew Archimedes with a mere sword, so too could an armed militia take control of the peak development of Western civilization, our platonic realm.

  The new world of the internet, abstracted from the old world of brute atoms, longed for independence. But states and their friends moved to control our new world—by controlling its physical underpinnings. The state, like an army around an oil well, or a customs agent extracting bribes at the border, would soon learn to leverage its control of physical space to gain control over our platonic realm. It would prevent the independence we had dreamed of, and then, squatting on fiber optic lines and around satellite ground stations, it would go on to mass intercept the information flow of our new world—its very essence—even as every human, economic, and political relationship embraced it. The state would leech into the veins and arteries of our new societies, gobbling up every relationship expressed or communicated, every web page read, every message sent and every thought googled, and then store this knowledge, billions of interceptions a day, undreamed of power, in vast top secret warehouses, forever. It would go on to mine and mine again this treasure, the collective private intellectual output of humanity, with ever more sophisticated search and pattern finding algorithms, enriching the treasure and maximizing the power imbalance between interceptors and the world of interceptees. And then the state would reflect what it had learned back into the physical world, to start wars, to target drones, to manipulate UN committees and trade deals, and to do favors for its vast connected network of industries, insiders and cronies.

  But we discovered something. Our one hope agains
t total domination. A hope that with courage, insight and solidarity we could use to resist. A strange property of the physical universe that we live in.

  The universe believes in encryption.

  It is easier to encrypt information than it is to decrypt it.

  We saw we could use this strange property to create the laws of a new world. To abstract away our new platonic realm from its base underpinnings of satellites, undersea cables and their controllers. To fortify our space behind a cryptographic veil. To create new lands barred to those who control physical reality, because to follow us into them would require infinite resources.

  And in this manner to declare independence.

  Scientists in the Manhattan Project discovered that the universe permitted the construction of a nuclear bomb. This was not an obvious conclusion. Perhaps nuclear weapons were not within the laws of physics. However, the universe believes in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors. They are a phenomenon the universe blesses, like salt, sea or stars.

  Similarly, the universe, our physical universe, has that property that makes it possible for an individual or a group of individuals to reliably, automatically, even without knowing, encipher something, so that all the resources and all the political will of the strongest superpower on earth may not decipher it. And the paths of encipherment between people can mesh together to create regions free from the coercive force of the outer state. Free from mass interception. Free from state control.

  In this way, people can oppose their will to that of a fully mobilized superpower and win. Encryption is an embodiment of the laws of physics, and it does not listen to the bluster of states, even transnational surveillance dystopias.

  It isn’t obvious that the world had to work this way. But somehow the universe smiles on encryption.

  Cryptography is the ultimate form of non-violent direct action.

  While nuclear weapons states can exert unlimited violence over even millions of individuals, strong cryptography means that a state, even by exercising unlimited violence, cannot violate the intent of individuals to keep secrets from them.

  Strong cryptography can resist an unlimited application of violence. No amount of coercive force will ever solve a math problem.

  But could we take this strange fact about the world and build it up to be a basic emancipatory building block for the independence of mankind in the platonic realm of the internet? And as societies merged with the internet could that liberty then be reflected back into physical reality to redefine the state?

  Recall that states are the systems which determine where and how coercive force is consistently applied.

  The question of how much coercive force can seep into the platonic realm of the internet from the physical world is answered by cryptography and the cypherpunks’ ideals.

  As states merge with the internet and the future of our civilization becomes the future of the internet, we must redefine force relations.

  If we do not, the universality of the internet will merge global humanity into one giant grid of mass surveillance and mass control.

  We must raise an alarm. This book is a watchman’s shout in the night.

  On March 20, 2012, while under house arrest in the United Kingdom awaiting extradition, I met with three friends and fellow watchmen on the principle that perhaps in unison our voices can wake up the town. We must communicate what we have learned while there is still a chance for you, the reader, to understand and act on what is happening.

  It is time to take up the arms of our new world, to fight for ourselves and for those we love.

  Our task is to secure self-determination where we can, to hold back the coming dystopia where we cannot, and if all else fails, to accelerate its self-destruction.

  —Julian Assange, London, October 2012

  DISCUSSION PARTICIPANTS

  JULIAN ASSANGE is the editor in chief of and visionary behind WikiLeaks.3 An original contributor to the Cypherpunk mailing list, Julian is now one of the most prominent exponents of cypherpunk philosophy in the world. His work with WikiLeaks has given political currency to the traditional cypherpunk juxtaposition: “privacy for the weak, transparency for the powerful.” While his most visible work involves robust exercise of the freedom of expression to force transparency and accountability on powerful institutions, he is also an incisive critic of state and corporate encroachment upon the privacy of individuals. Julian is the author of numerous software projects in line with the cypherpunk philosophy, such as the first TCP/IP port scanner strobe.c, the rubberhose deniable encryption file system, and the original code for WikiLeaks.4 In his teens Julian was an early computer and network security researcher, before some kinds of hacking were defined in law as criminal activity. Subsequently an activist and internet service provider to Australia during the 1990s, Julian has also co-written a history of the international hacker movement with Sulette Dreyfus, titled Underground, upon which the movie Underground: The Julian Assange Story was loosely based.5

  JACOB APPELBAUM is a founder of Noisebridge in San Francisco, a member of the Berlin Chaos Computer Club and a developer.6 Jacob is an advocate and a researcher for the Tor Project, which is an online anonymity system for all people to resist surveillance and to circumvent internet censorship.7 His focus for the last decade has been helping environmental and human rights activists. Toward this goal he has published novel security, privacy and anonymity-related research in a number of areas from computer forensics to medical marijuana. Jacob believes that everybody has the right to read, without restriction, and the right to speak freely, with no exception. In 2010, when Julian Assange could not deliver a talk in New York, Jacob gave the talk instead. Since then he, his friends and his family have been harassed by the United States government: interrogated at airports, subjected to invasive pat-downs while being threatened with implied impending prison rape by law enforcement officials, had his equipment confiscated and his online services subject to secret subpoena. Jacob is uncowed by these measures, continues to fight ongoing legal issues, and remains an outspoken advocate of freedom of expression, and a vocal supporter of WikiLeaks.

  ANDY MÜLLER-MAGUHN is a long-time member of the Chaos Computer Club in Germany, former board member and spokesman.8 He is one of the co-founders of EDRI, European Digital Rights, an NGO for the enforcement of human rights in the digital age.9 From 2000 to 2003 he was elected by European internet users to be the European Director of ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, which is responsible for worldwide policies for how the “names and numbers” of the internet should run.10 He is a specialist on telecommunication and other surveillance, working in a journalistic capacity on the surveillance industry with his project wiki, buggedplanet.info.11 Andy works in cryptographic communications and created with others a company called Cryptophone, which markets secure voice communication devices to commercial clients and is providing strategic consultancy in the context of network architecture.12

  JÉRÉMIE ZIMMERMANN is the co-founder and spokesperson for the citizen advocacy group La Quadrature du Net, the most prominent European organization defending anonymity rights online and promoting awareness of regulatory attacks on online freedoms.13 Jérémie works to build tools for the public to use to take part in public debate and to try to change things. He is mostly involved with the copyright wars, the debate around net neutrality and other regulatory issues that are crucial for the future of a free internet. Recently, his group La Quadrature du Net had a historic success in European politics, successfully marshaling a public campaign to defeat the Anti-Counterfeit and Trade Agreement (ACTA) in the European Parliament. Shortly after participating in the discussion that forms the basis of this book, Jérémie was stopped by two FBI officers while leaving the United States, and was interrogated about WikiLeaks.

  EDITOR’S NOTE

  To increase Cypherpunks’ accessibility to a general reader, each of the participants in the original discussion was given an opportunity to substantially expand on, cla
rify and footnote their points. The order of the edited manuscript in general adheres to the dynamic of the original discussion.

  NOTE ON THE VARIOUS ATTEMPTS TO PERSECUTE WIKILEAKS AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH IT

  At several points in the following discussion references are made to recent events in the story of WikiLeaks and its publishing efforts. These may be obscure to readers unfamiliar with the story of WikiLeaks, so they are summarized here at the outset.

  It is WikiLeaks’ mission to receive information from whistleblowers, release it to the public, and then defend against the inevitable legal and political attacks. It is a routine occurrence for powerful states and organizations to attempt to suppress WikiLeaks publications, and as the publisher of last resort this is one of the hardships WikiLeaks was built to endure.

  In 2010 WikiLeaks engaged in its most famous publications to date, revealing systematic abuse of official secrecy within the US military and government. These publications are known as Collateral Murder, the War Logs, and Cablegate.14 The response has been a concerted and ongoing effort to destroy WikiLeaks by the US government and its allies.

  THE WIKILEAKS GRAND JURY

  As a direct consequence of WikiLeaks’ publications the US government launched a multi-agency criminal investigation into Julian Assange and WikiLeaks staff, supporters and alleged associates. A Grand Jury was convened in Alexandria, Virginia, with the support of the Department of Justice and the FBI to look into the possibility of bringing charges, including conspiracy charges under the Espionage Act 1917, against Julian Assange and others. US officials have said that the investigation is of “unprecedented scale and nature.” In Grand Jury proceedings no judge or defense counsel is present. Congressional committee hearings have since heard the suggestion from members of the US Congress that the Espionage Act could be used as a tool to target journalists who “knowingly publish leaked information,” suggesting that the approach is being normalized in the US justice system.15