The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor Read online

  þur-ie ‘seek-ing’, with þur- (pronounced sur-) by this analysis being an otherwise unattested verbal root meaning *'seek’. But cf. THUR- ‘surround, fence, ward, hedge in, secrete’ (V:393). Cf. also kenta ‘enquiry’ (VT39:32-33).

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  40

  Tolkien here deleted a parenthetical note that read: "(Many of those who actually gave the names were mariners and settlers [deleted: who did not speak Sindarin fluently >] who had only small knowledge of Quenya and whose Sindarin was imperfect.)"

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  41

  I.e., LR:747,846.

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  42

  S. lotheg '(single) flower' is formed from the collective loth- by the addition of a diminutive/singular ending -eg/-ig. Further examples of this ending include N. lhewig 'ear', singular, derived from lhaw ears (of one person)' (V:368 s.v. LAS2-); S. gwanunig ‘one of a pair of twins', from gwanūn ‘a pair of twins’ (XI:367); and S. Nogotheg ‘Dwarflet', from Nogoth ‘dwarf (XI:388, 413 n. 23). Note too N. fileg, pl. filig ‘small bird' (V:381 s.v. PHILIK-). Welsh also has a number of singular nouns derived from a plural form by the addition of a singular ending.

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  43

  In Quenya, primitive medial s between vowels became z and then r, while in Sindarin it became h.

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  44

  The base SAT would appear to explain the Quenya suffix -sta seen in the names of the Númenórean regions Forostar ‘Northlands', Andustar ‘Westlands’, etc. (UT:165). If so, this suffix, like Q. asta ‘month’, is derived from the base with suppression of the sundóma.

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  45

  The words from "and Enedhwaith" to the end of this sentence entered as a handwritten note in the top margin. Cf. XII:328-29 n. 66.

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  46

  Sward originally meant, and can still be used to mean, the skin of the body (esp. hair-covered skin, such as the scalp), or the rind of pork or bacon.

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  47

  Fornarthan ‘North Beacon is probably to be analyzed as for(n)- ‘north’ + *narthan ‘beacon (cf. Forlindon *'North Lindon, LR:map; Fornost ‘Northern Fortress, Norbury', LR:971, UT:439). If so, the putative *narthan may be referred to NAR1- ‘flame, fire (V:374) and to √thăn / thān ‘kindle, set light to' (X:388). Cf. Nardol ‘Fire-hilltop’, also appearing in this essay (UT:319 n. 51).

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  48

  The reference is to Gandalf ‘s words while placing the White Crown upon Aragorn, LR:946: "Now come the days of the King, and may they be blessed while the thrones of the Valar endure!"

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  49

  I.e., LR,663. See also XII:312-14.

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  50

  In this sentence, the name Baldor is (twice) an editorial replacement for Brego in the original. Tolkien has confused Brego, who completed the building of Meduseld, with his son Baldor, who passed beyond the Door of Dunharrow. See VIII:407, LR:770, 780; 1042, entry for 2512-70; and 1062, entry for 2570.

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  51

  As first typed, this read "From 3 onwards".

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  52

  Marginal notes against tol-ot show Tolkien experimenting with making the form tol-oth.

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  53

  For the most part, this list of Common Eldarin numerical stems accords with the numeric system stipulated or implied by evidence in The Etymologies and The Lord of the Rings: cf. Etymologies entries ERE- ‘be alone, deprived', MINI- ‘stand alone, stick out’, AT(AT)- ‘again, back’, TATA-, TAT- *'two, double, NEL-, NÉL-ED- ‘three', KÁNAT- ‘four', LEP- (LEPEN, LEPEK) ‘five', ÉNEK- ‘six', OT- (OTOS, OTOK) ‘seven, TOL-OTH/OT 'eight', NÉTER- ‘nine', KAYAN-,

  KAYAR- ‘ten', MINIK-W- *'eleven', RÁSAT- ‘twelve'. The two noteworthy exceptions are the stems for 10 (kwaya(m)) and 12 (yunuk(w)), but cf. KWAT-*'full' (V:366), and with yunuk(w) (yielding, presumably, Q. *yunque), cf. YŪ-‘two, both' (V:400).

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  54

  As first typed, this sentence began "Less certain is it that".

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  55

  As first typed, the special words included those for "twelve, eighteen, and the multiples of twelve, 24, 36-144" (i.e., it seems, the multiples of twelve occurring in the range from 36 through 144). A note written in the top margin of this sheet reads: "though for general purposes the numeral names were decimal in origin, special names were devised for multiples of 6".

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  56

  As first typed, this parenthetical remark read: "(only completely carried out in Quenya)".

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  57

  The ómataima is a vowel (óma) of the same quality as the sundóma or base-vowel that is added to a root or stern as an extension (taima). Cf. ómataina (of the same meaning), XI:371, 417; and the bases OM- *'voice' (V:379) and TAY-'extend, make long(er)' (V:391).

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  58

  As first typed, the list of frequently reversed sequences was "pm, pn, pr, pl / tn, tr, tl / kn, kr, kl".

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  59

  That is, the proper forms for 7th and 8th, which had base and stem vowels in o, historically ought to have ended in -oya.

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  60

  The form toldea is an alteration on the typescript from toltea.

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  61

  A prior, deleted version of the entry for 7 reads: "odo (later odog with g from eneg)".

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  62

  Altered on the typescript from toloth.

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  63

  Altered on the typescript from tolthui.

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  64

  This is a typed alteration of otosya.

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  65

  Altered on the typescript from tolotya.

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  66

  As first typed, the latter part of this note read: "AT- ‘a second time, once more, again'; and in numerals signifying ‘squared, multiplied by itself'. Similarly NEL-, KAN-, etc."

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  67

  The Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.) relates all three of these words (with varying degrees of certainty) to Indo-European *penqe ‘five'.

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  68

  A long syllable is one that contains either a long vowel (or diphthong), or, as in this case, a short vowel followed by two (or more) consonants.

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  69

  The abbreviation "PQ" is nearly always used by Tolkien to indicate Primitive Quendian, but it cannot have that meaning here, since it would imply that the fronting of the accent took place in the primitive language, before the differentiations that led to the divisions resulting in the separate languages. Quenya, Telerin, and Sindarin; the fronting would in this case be expected to have the same consequence in all three languages, not just in Quenya. "PQ" is thus here perhaps to be expanded as "Prehistoric Quenya".

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  70

  This surprising statement regarding the pronunciation of S. ll stands in stark contrast to Tolkien's earlier comment in Appendix E to The Lord of the Rings (LR:1089) that "consonants written twice, as tt, ll, ss, nn represent long, ‘double' consonants."

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