The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe Read online

  22.1Economic remains from selected British Neolithic sites. (a) Histogram showing relative frequency of the main food mammals. (b) Pie charts showing relative frequency of charred plant remains.

  22.2Age and sex of the cattle from Grime’s Graves, showing the evidence for dairy production.

  22.3Economic remains from selected LBK sites. (a) Histogram showing relative frequency of the main food mammals. (b) Pie charts showing relative frequency of charred plant remains.

  22.4Histograms of cattle metacarpal distal breadth.

  22.5Economic remains from selected continental Neolithic sites in the area north of the LBK. (a) Histogram showing relative frequency of the main food mammals. (b) Pie charts showing relative frequency of charred plant remains.

  23.1The Eneolithic tell of Podgoritsa (Bulgaria) with offsite structures.

  23.2The Starčevo phase at Divostin (Serbia).

  24.1The Maxey-Etton, Dorchester upon Thames, and Fornham All Saints complexes.

  24.2The incised slab from a Grooved Ware pit at Rothley, Leicestershire.

  24.3The profile of the island of Hoy seen from the Stones of Stenness, Orkney.

  24.4Henges in the vales of Mowbray and York.

  25.1Witold Migal’s experimental work on blade production by indirect percussion.

  25.2Witold Migal’s experimental production of blades using the pressure technique.

  25.3Refitted Bandkeramik blade core from Beek-Kerkeveld (the Netherlands), showing orthogonal flaking angles and large core rejuvenation tablets.

  25.4Two ‘daggers’ found in the Netherlands; the smaller one is made from Le Grand-Pressigny flint, the larger one from the Romigny-Lhéry flint type.

  26.1Some of the best-known European Neolithic sites where deep mining has been documented.

  26.2Excavating a deep ‘chimney’ shaft at the early Neolithic flint mine of Casa Montero (Spain).

  26.3Extraction galleries from deep shafts at Camp-à-Cayaux in the mining complex of Spiennes (Belgium).

  26.4Bird’s-eye view, taken from the east, of the monumental ‘lunar’ landscape at the English flint mine of Grime’s Graves.

  27.1(a) Porphyritic andesite from Lambay, Ireland, Eagle’s Nest quarry site; (b) Eagle’s Nest, Lambay, excavation of quarry site.

  27.2(a) Amphibolite axe from Zambujal, Portugal; (b) plaque from Olival da Pega (Évora, Portugal).

  27.3Distribution of large Alpine axeheads.

  27.4Arrangement of axes in TRB hoards.

  28.1‘Monochrome’ and painted pottery in the Aegean early Neolithic.

  28.2.‘Barbotine’ pottery with slip.

  28.3.The early Neolithic pottery from the Anzabegovo-Vršnik and Starčevo cultures.

  28.4The ‘Impresso (Cardial)’ pottery with decoration made with marine shell impressions.

  28.5.The parallel clines of frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups J, E, and N in modern populations in Europe and initial pottery distributions in Neolithic Europe.

  29.1Typological development of the shapes and decorations of LBK Kümpfe from southern Bavaria.

  29.2Schematic representation of the syntax of Bandkeramik pottery decoration.

  29.3Examples of rare pottery forms from the LBK site of Stephansposching (southern Bavaria).

  29.4Suggested reconstruction of the ceramic inventory in use at any one time in an average household at the LBK site of Stephansposching (southern Bavaria).

  30.1The interaction spheres of early Funnel Beaker Societies.

  30.2Schematic chronological table of Funnel Beaker and Single Grave development in south Scandinavia.

  30.3Early Neolithic pottery from southern Scandinavia.

  30.4Middle Neolithic pottery from southern Scandinavia.

  30.5Younger and late Neolithic pottery from southern Scandinavia.

  30.6Spatial communication patterns indicated by TRB ceramic design.

  30.7Ceramic deposition in front of the ‘Trollasten’ dolmen in Scania near Ystad.

  30.8Find spots for British and Irish pottery assemblages discussed in this section.

  30.9Cross-sectional view of Neolithic pottery from Blasthill chambered cairn, Argyll.

  30.10Base and wall sherds of a complete Neolithic vessel from Blasthill, Argyll.

  30.11Selected dated material belonging to the first Neolithic in the British Isles.

  30.12Selected dated material belonging to the early Neolithic in the British Isles.

  30.13Selected dated material belonging to the middle Neolithic in the British Isles.

  30.14Grooved Ware and other late Neolithic pottery from Britain.

  31.1Distribution map of the Bell Beaker phenomenon and selection of European Bell Beakers.

  32.1Anthropomorphic figurines from Thessaly, Greece.

  32.2Anthropomorphic figurines from Selevac, Serbia.

  32.3Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic vessels from south-east Europe.

  32.4House models and an oven model.

  33.1Map of Spondylus deposition in Europe, with main sites.

  33.2Principal ornament types made of Spondylus shell.

  33.3The regional and chronological distribution of the main types of Spondylus ornament.

  33.4Phases of Spondylus consumption by region.

  34.1Examples of the different amber bead types.

  34.2The frequency of different types of amber beads from megaliths in Skåne and Västergötland.

  35.1Chrono-typological chart of early copper axes and daggers.

  35.2Distribution map of early Copper Age golden bracelets, disks/lozenges, and gold/silver pendants.

  35.3Copper axe from Osijek, Croatia.

  35.4Giurgiulesti, Moldova, grave 4: plans, section and funerary equipment.

  36.1Chalcolithic metal types in Andalusia.

  36.2A Remedello-type dagger and axe from Sabbione, Italy.

  36.3Statue stela n.1, Arco, Italy.

  37.1(a) Study area (shaded region); (b) selected sites mentioned in the text.

  37.2Copper objects from the mid fourth millennium BC hoard found at Bygholm, Skanderborg, Denmark.

  37.3Irish-style hammered sheet gold lunula (found at Gwithian, Cornwall, Britain).

  37.4Bell Beaker burial assemblage, Barnack, Cambridgeshire, Britain.

  38.1A cluster of early Neolithic pits at Kilverstone, Norfolk.

  38.2Burnt/unburnt and weathered/unweathered refitting sherds from Kilverstone, Norfolk.

  38.3Re-fits within Area E, Kilverstone, Norfolk—pottery in black, flint in grey.

  39.1Cattle bucrania built into the walls of a house at Çatalhöyük, Turkey.

  40.1Linearbandkeramik enclosures.

  40.2Late Neolithic earthworks from Bavaria and Bohemia.

  40.3Künzing-Unternberg. Section through the inner ditch of the middle Neolithic roundel.

  40.4Künzing-Unternberg.

  41.1Map of key places and regions mentioned in the text.

  41.2Aerial photograph of Neolithic enclosure ditches at Masseria Palmori on the Tavoliere Plain, northern Puglia.

  41.3The ‘Manfredi hypogeum’ dug into the side of a later Neolithic enclosure ditch at Santa Barbara near Polignano a Mare, central Puglia.

  41.4Reconstruction drawing of an enclosure, formed by a palisade, wall, and ditch at Lugo di Romagna near Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna.

  42.1Extent of late fifth millennium and fourth millennium BC enclosure distribution in northern and western Europe.

  42.2Plans of selected causewayed enclosures.

  42.3Re-cutting of ditch A610, Sarup II, Denmark.

  42.4Fenced enclosures close to palisades.

  43.1North European dolmens: (a) reconstructed long dolmen at Munkwolstrup in Schleswig; (b) round dolmen at Bautahøj on Zealand.

  43.2Burial and accompanying grave goods from the long dolmen at Bogø, Zealand.

  43.3Plan of the passage grave chamber at Kong Svends Høj, Lolland.

  43.4(a) Passage grave of Rævehøj, Zealand; (b) ‘twin stone’ capstone on the Poskær Stenh
us dolmen, Djursland peninsula.

  43.5Map of the British Isles indicating regions with dense concentrations of Neolithic chambered tombs.

  44.1Neolithic rock art styles in the Iberian Peninsula. (a) Levantine; (b) Schematic; (c) Megalithic; (d) Galician-Atlantic.

  44.2Levantine paintings over macro-schematic art at La Sarga (Alcoi, Spain).

  44.3Schematic paintings at Pala Pinta, Alijó, Portugal.

  44.4Megalithic paintings at Antelas, Oliveira de Frades, Portugal.

  44.5Os Carballos, Campo Lameiro, Spain.

  45.1Common motifs in the rock carvings of Valcamonica and Valtellina.

  45.2Selected examples of Valcamonica and Valtellina rock carvings.

  46.1Carved rock surface, Ormaig, Kilmartin, Scotland, photographed at night.

  46.2Main areas of distribution of rock art in the British Isles.

  46.3Transcription of carvings on a rock surface at Evenhus, Trøndelag, Norway.

  46.4Carved rock surface, Ausevik, Sunnfjord, Norway.

  46.5Decorated cist slab, Mjeltehaugen, Sunnmøre, Norway.

  47.1View from Grotta dei Piccioni along the Orta gorge, Abruzzo.

  47.2Modified triton shell from Grotta dei Piccioni, Abruzzo.

  47.3Location of caves at Porto Badisco, Puglia.

  47.4Stalactites and stalagmites in Għar Dalam, Malta.

  48.1Measuring the orientation of one of the tholos tombs at Los Millares, Almería, Spain.

  48.2.One of the seven-stone passage graves typical of the Portugese Alentejo: Anta de la Marquesa.

  48.3.Histogram showing the orientations of 177 seven-stone passage graves of the Alentejo.

  48.4.The orientations of 41 megalithic sepulchres at Montefrío and the orientations of 48 tholos and related passage graves at Los Millares.

  49.1Map showing Neolithic and Copper Age burial sites in south-east Europe.

  49.2.(a) Crouched burial with aurochs skull, pit-dwelling 7, Golokut, Serbia; (b) burials from Topole-Bač; (c) burials 8 and 9 (phase III) placed above the floor of building 24 (phase I–II), Lepenski Vir.

  49.3.Male burial 2/1975, late Neolithic phase Ib, Gomolava, Serbia.

  49.4.Varna culture phase: (a) female Burial 245 and (b) male Burial 404 from Durankulak.

  49.5.Map showing areas with Neolithic and Copper Age cemeteries containing extended supine burials.

  49.6Tisza culture male figurines with a sickle (a) and axe (b) placed on right shoulders, Szegvár-Tűzköves, Hungary; (c) group of late Vinča culture figurines with a mace-head and axes placed on right shoulders, Stubline, Serbia.

  50.1(a) Early-middle Neolithic figurines from Italy; (b) cave art, Porto Badisco.

  50.2Statue-menhirs and statue-stelae.

  50.3Prehistoric body imagery from Sardinia.

  50.4Small anthropomorphic figures from Copper Age Iberia.

  51.1Grave 41 at Aiterhofen, Lower Bavaria.

  51.2(a) Complex 9 from the pit enclosure at Herxheim, Rhineland-Palatinate; (b) a calotte from Herxheim, showing the deliberate fashioning of edges.

  51.3Burial 70 at Trebur, Hesse.

  51.4An assemblage with human remains from the Hetzenberg, Baden-Württemberg.

  52.1Skeleton of a 40–50-year-old woman from Frälsegården.

  52.2Collection of crania in the passage grave of Rævehöj.

  52.3Graves 1 and 2 at the PWC cemetery at Ajvide, Gotland.

  52.4The mortuary house at Bollbacken under excavation.

  53.1Vignely (Seine-et-Marne, France): selected middle Neolithic graves.

  53.2La Chaussée-Tirancourt (Somme, France): interior of allée sépulcrale.

  53.3Le Câtel statue-menhir, Guernsey.

  53.4.Three figurines from the Links of Noltland, Westray, Orkney.

  56.1Model of basic material and institutional components of western Eurasian societies of the third millennium BC.

  LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

  Niels H. Andersen Moesgaard Museum, Moesgaard, Denmark

  Tony Axelsson Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

  Geoff Bailey Department of Archaeology, University of York, UK

  Martin Bartelheim Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany

  László Bartosiewicz Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary

  Amy Bogaard School of Archaeology, Oxford University, UK

  Dušan Borić Department of Archaeology and Conservation, Cardiff University, UK

  Kenneth Brophy Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, UK

  Tony Brown Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Southampton, UK

  Mihael Budja Department of Archaeology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

  Marta Capote Independent researcher, Madrid, Spain

  John Chapman Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Andrew Cochrane Department of Archaeology and Conservation, Cardiff University, UK

  Gabriel Cooney School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Ireland

  Anick Coudart School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, USA

  Vicki Cummings Archaeology, University of Central Lancashire, UK

  Pedro Díaz-del-Río Instituto de Historia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain

  Pavel Dolukhanov† School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, UK

  Sara Fairén-Jiménez Independent researcher, Edinburgh, UK

  Angelo Eugenio Fossati Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy

  Chris Fowler School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, UK

  Catherine J. Frieman School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University Canberra, Australia

  Duncan Garrow Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, UK

  Bisserka Gaydarska Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Detlef Gronenborn Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Germany

  Marjorie de Grooth Independent researcher, Bad Münstereifel, Germany

  Jean Guilaine Member of the Institut de France, Collège de France, Paris, France

  Paul Halstead Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, UK

  Jan Harding School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, UK

  Volker Heyd Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, UK

  Daniela Hofmann Archäologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg, Germany

  Michael Hoskin Churchill College, Cambridge, UK

  Andrew Meirion Jones Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK

  Kristian Kristiansen Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

  Mats Larsson Department of Cultural Sciences, Linnæus University Kalmar, Sweden

  Jonathan Last English Heritage, Portsmouth, UK

  Tony Legge† McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge University, UK

  Malcolm Lillie Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, UK

  Roy Loveday School of Archaeology and Ancient History, Leicester University, UK

  Caroline Malone School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK

  Arkadiusz Marciniak Institute of Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

  Francesco Menotti School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, UK

  Magdalena S. Midgley† School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK

  Dimitrij Mlekuž Department of Archaeology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

  Johannes Müller Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Universität Kiel, Germany

  Stratos Nanoglou Ephorate of Antiquities of Messinia, Kalamata, Greece

  Jörg Orschiedt Institut fü
r Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

  Demetra Papaconstantinou Athens Center, Arcadia University, College of Global Studies, Greece

  Dave Passmore School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, UK

  Mark Pearce Department of Meditteranean Prehistory, University of Nottingham, UK

  Joachim Pechtl Lehrstuhl für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany

  Rick Peterson Archaeology, University of Central Lancashire, UK

  Jörg Petrasch Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany

  Joshua Pollard Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK

  Pál Raczky Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary

  Morten Ramstad University Museum of Bergen, Norway

  John Robb Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, UK

  Benjamin W. Roberts Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Peter Rowley-Conwy Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Chris Scarre Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Wolfram Schier Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

  Rick Schulting School of Archaeology, Oxford University, UK

  Stephen Shennan Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK

  Karl-Göran Sjögren Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

  Robin Skeates Department of Archaeology, Durham University, UK

  Kalle Sognnes Department of Historical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

  Anders Strinnholm The Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger, Norway

  Julian Thomas School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Manchester University, UK

  Nick Thorpe Department of Archaeology, University of Winchester, UK

  Anne Tresset CNRS Paris, France

  Marc Vander Linden Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK

  Katharine Walker Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK

  Alasdair Whittle Department of Archaeology and Conservation, Cardiff University, UK

  MAP 1 Map of main regions and geographical features mentioned in the volume. 1 = Alentejo; 2 = Almería; 3 = Colline Metallifere; 4 = Lunigiana; 5 = Tavoliere; 6 = Valais.